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Echo Analysis for Voice over IPTable Of Contents.Echo Analysis for Voice over IP Echo Analysis Overview.Echo Analysis Basics.Locating an Echo.How To Install A Voip Network Topology' title='How To Install A Voip Network Topology' />Effects of Network Elements on Echo.Effect of Loudness on Echo.Voice in the Air.Loudness Rating. Effect of Hybrid Transformers on Echo.Effect of Telephones on Echo.Effect of Routers on Echo.End to End Voice Call Delays.Effect of Qo. S on Echo.Echo Canceler. Basics of Echo Canceler Operation.Echo Canceler Components.NVgLQg/hqdefault.jpg' alt='How To Install A Voip Network Topology' title='How To Install A Voip Network Topology' />Measuring Echo TELR Calculation Example.Echo Canceler Coverage.Network-setup.png' alt='How To Install A Voip Network Topology' title='How To Install A Voip Network Topology' />Uncancelable Echo.Verifying Echo Canceler Operation.Customer Expectations About Echo.Service Provider Expectations About Echo.Configuring Gateways to Minimize Echo.Fixed Loss Plan for IP Voice Gateways.Process for Locating and Eliminating Echos.Identifying a Loud Echo.Identifying a Long Echo.Locating and Eliminating Echos in the Tail Circuit.Echo Analysis Case Study.Echo Problem Description.Eliminating the Echo.Verifying Proper Impedance Levels.Verifying Proper Audio Levels.Measuring ERLCase Study Summary.Related Documents Echo Analysis for Voice over IP Version History.Version Number. Date.Notes. 1 June 2. 2, 2.This document was created.November 3. 0, 2.Added information on loudness.Echo Analysis for Voice over IPdefines echo and describes where it occurs in a voice network.It examines the basic aspects of echo analysis and describes the effects of various network elements on echo.Downloading the FortiGate VM deployment package.FortiGate VM deployment packages are included with FortiGate firmware images on the Customer Service Support site.Note This procedure changes the IP address of a computer on a wired or wireless network.If you want to change the IP address of your internet connection, you should.This document also explains how echo is measured and how echo cancelers work to estimate and eliminate echo.It looks at customer and service provider expectations about echo, and explains how to configure gateways to minimize echo.It points out that the normal characteristics of packet based networks might unmask preexisting problems in the time division multiplexing TDM based voice infrastructure.Finally, it outlines a process for locating and eliminating loud echos and long echos, and concludes with a real life case study involving PBX based echo in an international voice network.This document contains the following sections Echo Analysis Overview Echo Analysis Basics Effects of Network Elements on Echo Echo Canceler Customer Expectations About Echo Service Provider Expectations About Echo Configuring Gateways to Minimize Echo Process for Locating and Eliminating Echos Echo Analysis Case Study Related Documents Echo Analysis Overview In a voice telephone call, an echo occurs when you hear your own voice repeated.An echo is the audible leak through of your own voice into your own receive return path.This document discusses basic concepts applicable to echo analysis, explains echo cancellation, and provides a process for locating and eliminating echos.Echo Analysis Basics Every voice conversation has at least two participants.From the perspective of each participant, there are two voice paths in every call Transmit pathThe transmit path is also called the send or Tx path.In a conversation, the transmit path is created when a person speaks.The sound is transmitted from the mouth of the speaker to the ear of the listener.Receive pathThe receive path is also called the return or Rx path.In a conversation, the receive path is created when a person hears the conversation.The sound is received by the ear of the listener from the mouth of the speaker.Figure 1 shows a diagram of a simple voice call between Bob and Alice.From Bobs perspective, the transmit path carries his voice to Alices ear, and the receive path carries Alices voice to his ear.Naturally, from Alices side these paths have the opposite naming convention the transmit path carries her voice to Bobs ear, and the receive path carries Bobs voice to her ear.Figure 1 Simple Telephone Call As mentioned, an echo is the audible leak through of your own voice into your own receive return path.Figure 2 shows the same simple telephone call where Bob hears an echo.Figure 2 Simple Telephone Call with an Echo Bob hears a delayed and somewhat attenuated version of his own voice in the earpiece of his handset.Initially, the source and mechanism of the leak are undefined.One significant factor in echo analysis is the round trip delay of the voice network.The round trip delay of the network is the length of time required for an utterance to go from Bobs mouth, across the network on the transmit path to the source of the leak, and then back across the network again on the receive path to Bobs ear.Two basic characteristics of echo are as follows The louder the echo echo amplitude, the more annoying it is.The longer the round trip delay the later the echo, the more annoying it is.Table 1 shows how delay can affect the quality of a voice conversation.Table 1 Effect of Delay on Voice Quality.One Way Delay Range ms. 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Effect on Voice Quality.This is the expected range for national calls.There are no difficulties during conversation.This is the expected range for international calls using a terrestrial transport link and IP telephony, which includes only one instance of IP voice.This range is acceptable for most users, assuming the use of echo control devices.This is the expected range for a satellite link.Delays in this range can interrupt the normal flow of a conversation.A high performance echo canceler must be used and careful network planning is necessary.Greater than 4. 00 This is excessive delay and must be avoided by network planning.Locating an Echo In Figure 2, Bob experiences the echo problem, which means that a signal is leaking from his transmit path into his receive path.The fact that Bob hears an echo illustrates one of the basic characteristics of echo Perceived echo most likely indicates a problem at the other end of the call.The problem that is producing the echo that Bob hears, the leakage source, is somewhere on Alices side of the network London.If Alice was experiencing echo, the problem would be on Bobs side Montreal.The perceived echo leak is most likely in the terminating side of the network for the following reasons Leak through happens only in analog circuits.Voice traffic in the digital portions of the network does not leak from one path into another.Analog signals can leak from one path to anotherelectrically from one wire to another called crosstalk, or acoustically through the air from a loudspeaker to a microphone.Also, analog signals can be reflected in the hybrid transformer in the tail circuit.See the section Effect of Hybrid Transformers on Echo.When these analog signals have been converted to digital bits, they do not leak.All digital bits are represented by analog signals at the physical layer and these analog signals are subject to leakage.The analog signals that represent bits can tolerate a good deal of distortion before they become too distorted to be properly decoded.If such distortion occurred in the physical layer of the PSTN, the problem would not be echo.If you had connectivity at all, you would hear digital noise instead of a voice echo.Echos arriving after very short delays, about 2.This point is a corollary to the previous assertion that echos become increasingly annoying with increasing mouth to ear delay.A certain minimum delay is needed for an echo to become perceptible.In almost every telephone device, some of the Tx signal is fed back into the earpiece so that you can hear yourself speaking.This feedback is known as sidetone.The delay between the actual mouth signal and the sidetone signal is negligible, and sidetone is not perceived as an echo.Also, your skull resonates during speech an acoustic sidetone source and the human auditory system has a certain integration period that determines the minimum time difference between events that will be perceived as separate events rather than a single one.Together, these phenomena create a minimum mouth to ear delay of about 2.Given these two reasonsthat echos must be delayed by at least 2.Figure 3 shows possible sources of echo in a simple Voice over IP Vo.IP network. Figure 3 Potential Echo Paths in a Network with Both Analog and Digital Segments In this typical Vo.IP network, the digital packet portion of the network is located between two analog transmission segments.Bob in Montreal is connected by a 2 wire analog foreign exchange station FXS circuit to a local PBX, which is connected to a local Vo.IP gateway by a 4 wire analog rec.Eive and trans. Mit E M circuit. |
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